Main article: History of science in classical antiquity Plato's Academy mosaic, made between 100 BCE to 79 AD, shows many Greek philosophers and scholars Aristotle in the 4th century BCE created a systematic program of teleological philosophy. [68] In the 3rd century BCE, Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first to propose a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center and all the planets orbiting it. [69] Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics, [69] while Ptolemy's Almagest, which contains a geocentric description of the Solar System, was accepted through the early Renaissance instead. [70] [71] The inventor and mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse made major contributions to the beginnings of calculus. [72] Pliny the Elder was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopedia Natural History. [73] [74] [75]

Major Online Encyclopedias - Getting Started: Information

Today, I wanted to share with you some of my favorites – sorted by age and discipline – to make things easier for you :-). Learned societies for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance. [226] Many scientists belong to a learned society that promotes their respective scientific discipline, profession, or group of related disciplines. [227] Membership may either be open to all, require possession of scientific credentials, or conferred by election. [228] Most scientific societies are non-profit organizations, [229] and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some societies act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. [ citation needed]

Welcome to the Elemental Blogging Laboratory

condensation, condensation polymerization, condensation pump, condensation reaction, condensed-matter physics, condenser, condenser microphone, Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Biography, conditional probability, conditional response (conditioned reflex), conditionals, Conditioning - Historical Roots, Classical And Operant Conditioning, Comparison, Current Research/future Developments, conditioning, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat Condorcet Marquis de Biography, Condors - Return to the wild, conduct:, conductance, conducting polymer, conductiometric titration, conduction, conduction band, conductivity, conductivity water, conductometric titration, conductor… Science & Philosophy: Cosine to Cyano group The word science has been used in Middle English since the 14th century in the sense of "the state of knowing". The word was borrowed from the Anglo-Norman language as the suffix -cience, which was borrowed from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge, awareness, understanding". It is a noun derivative of the Latin sciens meaning "knowing", and undisputedly derived from the Latin sciō, the present participle scīre, meaning "to know". [34] Keay, John (2000). India: A history. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2. The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden.

Knowledge Encyclopedia Science! | DK UK Knowledge Encyclopedia Science! | DK UK

Interdisciplinary science involves the combination of two or more disciplines into one, [172] such as bioinformatics, a combination of biology and computer science [173] or cognitive sciences. The concept has existed since the ancient Greek and it became popular again in the 20th century. [174] Scientific research linear expansivity, linear molecule, linear momentum, linear motor, line defect, line-of-sight velocity (radial velocity), line printer, lines of force, line spectrum, Linguistic Turn - Literary Aspects, Textualism, Intellectual History, Bibliography, linguistic acts, linguistic philosophy, linguistics, formal, linguistics, philosophical relevance of, linguistic turn, linkage, linkage map, Linnaean system, Carolus Linnaeus Biography, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linseed oil, Linz–Donawitz process, lipase, Lipid - Typical Lipids, Lipids And Cell Membranes, Metabolism Of Lipids… Science & Philosophy: Macrofauna to Mathematics Science and society" redirects here. Not to be confused with Science & Society or Sociology of scientific knowledge. Funding and policies Budget of NASA as percentage of United States federal budget, peaking at 4.4% in 1966 and slowly declining sinceIn the scientific method, an explanatory thought experiment or hypothesis is put forward as an explanation using parsimony principles and is expected to seek consilience– fitting with other accepted facts related to an observation or scientific question. [179] This tentative explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions, which are typically posted before being tested by experimentation. Disproof of a prediction is evidence of progress. [176] :4–5 [180] Experimentation is especially important in science to help establish causal relationships to avoid the correlation fallacy, though in some sciences such as astronomy or geology, a predicted observation might be more appropriate. [181]

Science Encyclopedia | Usborne | Be Curious The Usborne Science Encyclopedia | Usborne | Be Curious

During the nineteenth century, many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape. These included the transformation of the life and physical sciences, frequent use of precision instruments, emergence of terms such as "biologist", "physicist", "scientist", increased professionalization of those studying nature, scientists gained cultural authority over many dimensions of society, industrialization of numerous countries, thriving of popular science writings and emergence of science journals. [113] During the late 19th century, psychology emerged as a separate discipline from philosophy when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory for psychological research in 1879. [114] While the scientific method is broadly accepted in the scientific community, some fractions of society reject certain scientific positions or are skeptical about science. Examples are the common notion that COVID-19 is not a major health threat to the US (held by 39% of Americans in August 2021) [255] or the belief that climate change is not a major threat to the US (also held by 40% of Americans, in late 2019 and early 2020). [256] Psychologists have pointed to four factors driving rejection of scientific results: [257]

MOST POPULAR

hydrazones, hydride, hydriodic acid, hydrobromic acid, Hydrocarbon - Carbon's Chemical Bonding, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, Hydrocephalus - Two types of hydrocephalus, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons - Why Hcfcs?, The Good News And The Bad News, The Future Of Hcfcs, hydrocortisone, hydrocyanic acid, hydrodynamics, hydroelectric power, hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), Hydrofoil, Hydrogen - Hydrogen Is Everywhere, The Element, Discovery And Preparation, Uses Of Hydrogen, Hydrogen Disasters… Science & Philosophy: Incomplete dominance to Intuitionism Usborne Encyclopedia of Space ( Note– Rumor is that this book is going out of print, but if you can get your hands on it, it’s a great introduction to astronomy for the early elementary years.) There are different schools of thought in the philosophy of science. The most popular position is empiricism, which holds that knowledge is created by a process involving observation; scientific theories generalize observations. [202] Empiricism generally encompasses inductivism, a position that explains how general theories can be made from the finite amount of empirical evidence available. Many versions of empiricism exist, with the predominant ones being Bayesianism [203] and the hypothetico-deductive method. [202] In fact, “a lot” doesn’t cover the volume of children’s scientific reference books I have been through.

Science Encyclopedias | Homeschool Science Corner Science Encyclopedias | Homeschool Science Corner

propagation, propanal (propionaldehyde), propane, propanedioic acid (malonic acid), propanoic acid (propionic acid), propanol, propanone (acetone), propenal (acrolein), propene (propylene), propenoate (acrylate), propenoic acid (acrylic acid), propenonitrile (acrylonitrile; vinyl cyanide), propensity, propenyl group (allyl group), proper motion, proper names:, properties, properties, individual, properties, non-natural:, property, Property - The Nature Of Property, Global Variation And Convergence, The Values Of Property, Contemporary Debates, prophage, prophase… Science & Philosophy: Quantum electronics to Reasoning glucagon, glucan, glucocorticoid, gluconeogenesis, gluconic acid, glucosamine, glucose (dextrose; grape sugar), glucuronic acid, glucuronide, glueball, gluino, gluon, glutamate, glutamic acid, glutamine, glutathione, gluten, glycan, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP), glycerate 3-phosphate, glyceride (acylglycerol), glycerine, Glycerol, glycerol (glycerine; propane-1,2,3,-triol), glycerophospholipid, glycine, glycobiology, glycogen (animal starch), glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycol, Glycol - Physical Properties Of Glycols, Industrial Preparation, Uses - Laboratory preparation… Science & Philosophy: Habit memory: to Heterodont revaluation of values:, revelation, revenge, reverberation time, reverberatory furnace, reverse genetics, reverse osmosis, reverse transcriptase, reversible process, revisionary metaphysics, Revolution - Classical And Christian Conceptions, The Seventeenth Century, Inventing Revolution: American And French Revolutions, The Revolutionary Idea In The Modern World, revolution, revolutions, scientific, Reye's Syndrome, Reynolds number, RFLP, Rh, Rh Factor - Importance Of The Rh Factor, Rh Factor In Pregnancy, Treatment For Rh Disease, Eliminating Rh Disease, rhachis, rhe, rhenium… Science & Philosophy: Jean-Paul Sartre Biography to Seminiferous tubules

Scientific research is often funded through a competitive process in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most developed countries is between 1.5% and 3% of GDP. [238] In the OECD, around two-thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10% respectively by universities and government. The government funding proportion in certain fields is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities. In the lesser-developed nations, government provides the bulk of the funds for their basic scientific research. [239]